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| 17th-6th C. BCE |
BIBLICAL TIMES |
| (BCE - Before the Common Era) |
| c.17th century |
The Patriarchs: Abraham, Isaac, Jacob - patriarchs of the Jewish people and bearers of a belief in one God - settle in the Land of Israel.
Famine forces Israelites to migrate to Egypt. |
| c.13th century |
Exodus from Egypt: Moses leads Israelites from Egypt, followed by 40 years of wandering in the desert.
Torah, including the Ten Commandments, received at Mount Sinai. |
13th-12th
centuries |
Israelites settle in the Land of Israel |
| c.1020 |
Jewish Monarchy established; Saul, first king. |
| c.1000 |
Jerusalem made capital of David's kingdom. |
| c.960 |
First Temple, the national and spiritual center of the Jewish people, built in Jerusalem by King Solomon. |
| c. 930 |
Divided kingdom: Judah and Israel |
| 722-720 |
Israel crushed by Assyrians; 10 tribes exiled (Ten Lost Tribes). |
| 586 |
Judah conquered by Babylonia; Jerusalem and First Temple destroyed; most Jews exiled to Babylonia. |
| 536-142 |
PERSIAN AND HELLENISTIC PERIODS |
|
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| 538-515 |
Many Jews return from Babylonia; Temple rebuilt. |
| 332 |
Land conquered by Alexander the Great; Hellenistic rule. |
| 166-160 |
Maccabean (Hasmonean) revolt against restrictions on practice of Judaism and desecration of the Temple |
| 142-129 |
Jewish autonomy under Hasmoneans. |
| 129-63 |
Jewish independence under Hasmonean monarchy. |
| 63 |
Jerusalem captured by Roman general, Pompey. |
|
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63 BCE-313
CE |
ROMAN RULE |
| (CE - The Common Era) |
| 63 BCE - 4 CE |
Herod, Roman vassal king, rules the Land of Israel;
Temple in Jerusalem refurbished |
| c. 20-33 |
Ministry of Jesus of Nazareth |
| 66 |
Jewish revolt against the Romans |
| 70 |
Destruction of Jerusalem and Second Temple. |
| 73 |
Last stand of Jews at Masada. |
| 132-135 |
Bar Kokhba uprising against Rome. |
| c. 210 |
Codification of Jewish oral law (Mishnah) completed. |
| 313-636 |
BYZANTINE RULE |
| c. 390 |
Commentary on the Mishnah (Jerusalem Talmud) completed. |
| 614 |
Persian invasion |
| 636-1099 |
ARAB RULE |
| 691 |
On site of First and Second Temples in Jerusalem, Dome of the Rock built by Caliph Abd el-Malik. |
| 1099-1291 |
CRUSADER DOMINATION
(Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem) |
| 1291-1516 |
MAMLUK RULE |
| 1517-1917 |
OTTOMAN RULE |
| 1564 |
Code of Jewish law (Shulhan Arukh) published. |
| 1860 |
First neighborhood, Mishkenot Sha'ananim, built outside Jerusalem's walls. |
| 1882-1903 |
First Aliyah (large-scale immigration), mainly from Russia. |
| 1897 |
First Zionist Congress convened by Theodor Herzl in Basel, Switzerland; Zionist Organization founded. |
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| 1904-14 |
Second Aliyah, mainly from Russia and Poland. |
| 1909 |
First kibbutz, Degania, and first modern all-Jewish city, Tel Aviv, founded. |
| 1917 |
400 years of Ottoman rule ended by British conquest;
British Foreign Minister Balfour pledges support for establishment of a "Jewish national home in Palestine". |
| 1918-48 |
BRITISH RULE |
| 1919-23 |
Third Aliyah, mainly from Russia |
| 1920 |
Histadrut (Jewish labor federation) and Haganah (Jewish defense organization) founded.
Vaad Leumi (National Council) set up by Jewish community (yishuv)to conduct its affairs. |
| 1921 |
First moshav (cooperative village), Nahalal, founded. |
| 1922 |
Britain granted Mandate for Palestine (Land of Israel) by League of Nations; Transjordan set up on three-fourths of the area, leaving one-fourth for the Jewish national home
Jewish Agency representing Jewish community vis-a-vis Mandate authorities set up. |
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| 1924 |
Technion, first institute of technology, founded in Haifa. |
| 1924-32 |
Fourth Aliyah, mainly from Poland. |
| 1925 |
Hebrew University of Jerusalem opened on Mt. Scopus. |
| 1929 |
Hebron Jews massacred by Arab militants. |
| 1931 |
Etzel, Jewish underground organization, founded. |
| 1933-39 |
Fifth Aliyah, mainly from Germany. |
| 1936-39 |
Anti-Jewish riots instigated by Arab militants. |
| 1939 |
Jewish immigration severely limited by British White Paper. |
| 1939-45 |
World War II; Holocaust in Europe. |
| 1941 |
Lehi underground movement formed; Palmach, strike force of Haganah, set up. |
| 1944 |
Jewish Brigade formed as part of British forces. |
| 1947 |
UN proposes the establishment of Arab and Jewish states in the Land. |
|
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| 1948 |
STATE OF ISRAEL |
| 1948 |
End of British Mandate (14 May)
State of Israel proclaimed (14 May).
Israel invaded by five Arab states (15 May)
War of Independence (May 1948-July 1949)
Israel Defense Forces (IDF) established |
| 1949 |
Armistice agreements signed with Egypt, Jordan, Syria, Lebanon.
Jerusalem divided under Israeli and Jordanian rule.
First Knesset (parliament) elected.
Israel admitted to United Nations as 59th member. |
| 1948-52 |
Mass immigration from Europe and Arab countries. |
| 1956 |
Sinai Campaign |
| 1962 |
Adolf Eichmann tried and executed in Israel for his part in the Holocaust. |
| 1964 |
National Water Carrier completed, bringing water from Lake Kinneret in the north to the semi-arid south. |
| 1967 |
Six-Day War, Jerusalem reunited. |
| 1968-70 |
Egypt's War of Attrition against Israel |
| 1973 |
Yom Kippur War |
| 1975 |
Israel becomes an associate member of the European Common Market. |
| 1977 |
Likud forms government after Knesset elections, end of 30 years of Labor rule.
Visit of Egyptian President Anwar Sadat to Jerusalem. |
| 1978 |
Camp David Accords include framework for comprehensive peace in the Middle East and proposal for Palestinian self-government. |
| 1979 |
Israel-Egypt Peace Treaty signed.
Prime Minister Menachem Begin and President Anwar Sadat awarded Nobel Peace Prize. |
| 1981 |
Israel Air Force destroys Iraqi nuclear reactor just before it is to become operative. |
| 1982 |
Israel's three-stage withdrawal from Sinai completed.
Operation Peace for Galilee removes PLO (Palestine Liberation Organization) terrorists from Lebanon. |
| 1984 |
National unity government (Likud and Labor) formed after elections.
Operation Moses, immigration of Jews from Ethiopia. |
| 1985 |
Free Trade Agreement signed with United States. |
| 1987 |
Widespread violence (intifada) starts in Israeli-administered areas. |
| 1988 |
Likud government in power following elections. |
|
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| 1989 |
Four-point peace initiative proposed by Israel.
Start of mass immigration of Jews from former Soviet Union. |
| 1991 |
Israel attacked by Iraqi Scud missiles during Gulf war.
Middle East peace conference convened in Madrid;
Operation Solomon, airlift of Jews from Ethiopia. |
| 1992 |
Diplomatic relations established with China and India.
New government headed by Yitzhak Rabin of Labor party. |
| 1993 |
Declaration of Principles on Interim Self-Government Arrangements for the Palestinians signed by Israel and PLO, as representative of the Palestinian people. |
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